Thinking Through Food

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE: THE METAPHYSICS OF FOOD

• Introduction
• 1. What Is Food?
  • 1.1 Food as a Natural Kind?
  • 1.2 Food as a Functional Kind?
  • 1.3 Food as Nutrition: Why Not Eat Pets?
  • 1.4 Socially Constructed Kinds
  • 1.5 Social Construction and Normativity
  • 1.6 Social Construction and Subjectivity
• 2. What Is Flavor?
  • 2.1 Flavor and Taste: Some Background
  • 2.2 What Is Flavor? The Case of Chloe
  • 2.3 Flavor as a Secondary Quality
• Conclusion: Taste, Flavor, and Objectivity

CHAPTER TWO: THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF FOOD

• Introduction
• 1. Epistemology and Food
• 2. Empiricist vs. Rationalist Approaches to Knowledge
• 3. Knowledge of Taste and Subjective Experience
• 4. Taste and Testimony
  • 4.1 Knowledge, Justification, and Testimony
  • 4.2 Testimony and Food
  • 4.3 Testimony, Vulnerability, and Epistemic Justice
  • 4.4 Testimony and Trust
• 5. Labels, Lies, and Bullshit
• 6. Knowing Food: Knowing That or Knowing How?
• 7. Skill, Virtue, and Food Choice
• Conclusion

CHAPTER THREE: AESTHETICS

• Introduction
• 1. Taste and Philosophy: A Tendentious Relationship?
• 2. The Nature of Aesthetic Experience
• 3. Hume and the Standard of Taste
• 4. Food as Aesthetic Experience
• 5. Defining Art
  • 5.1 Traditional Characteristics of Art: Form, Expression, Representation
    • Form
    • Expression
    • Representation
  • 5.2 Institutional/Conventional Definitions of Art
  • 5.3 Aesthetic Definitions
• 6. Food as Art: Objections
• 7. Food: The Art and the Artwork
• 8. Food as Art, Recipes as Property?
• 9. Cuisine and Cultural Appropriation
• Conclusion: Food as Art, and as Cultural Artifact

CHAPTER FOUR: THE ETHICS OF EATING ANIMALS

• Introduction
• 1. Eating Animals: The Problem of Suffering
• 2. Utilitarianism
  • 2.1 Factory Farming: Some Facts and Figures
  • 2.2 Animal Suffering and the Causal Impotence Objection
  • 2.3 Critiques of the Argument from Suffering: Happy Meat, Engineered Animals?
• 3. Deontological Objections to Eating Animals
  • 3.1 Animal Rights
  • 3.2 Contractarianism and the Moral Status of Animals
• 4. The Moral Status of Animals
  • 4.1 Animal Equality and the Argument from Marginal Cases
  • 4.2 Speciesism
• 5. Value Pluralism
• 6. Feminist and Care Ethics
  • 6.1 Feminist Critiques of Traditional Discourse
  • 6.2 Feminism and the Ethics of Care
• 7. Practical Implications: Ought We Eat Animals?
• Conclusion

CHAPTER FIVE: AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

• Introduction
• 1. Environmental Impacts of Food Production: Some Facts and Figures
  • 1.1 Pesticides and Pollutants
  • 1.2 From Land to Sea
  • 1.3 The Problem of Waste
• 2. Environmental Ethics: Anthropocentric vs. Ecocentric Approaches
  • 2.1 Ecocentrism: Arguments and Interpretations
  • 2.2 Ecocentrism and the Last Person Argument
  • 2.3 Ecocentrism and Holistic Ethics
    • Deep Ecology
    • The Land Ethic
  • 2.4 Ecofeminism
• 3. Environmental Ethics, Agricultural Ethics
  • 3.1 Stewardship: Towards an Agricultural Ethic?
  • 3.2 Stewardship and Future Generations
• 4. Environmental Ethics through Traditional Approaches
  • 4.1 Utilitarianism and Environmental Ethics
  • 4.2 Deontological Approaches
  • 4.3 Virtue Ethics and Agrarian Ethics

Conclusion: Reconciling the Views—Pluralism Again?

CHAPTER SIX: FOOD AND TECHNOLOGY

• Introduction
• 1. The Green Revolution
• 2. The Debate over GM Foods
• 3. GM Crops: Background and Uses
• 4. GM Crops: Objections
  • 4.1 Extrinsic Objections to GM Foods
    • Objection 1: GM Is Bad for the Environment
    • Objection 2: GMOs Threaten Biodiversity
    • Objection 3: GMOs Perpetuate Social Injustice
    • Objection 4: Safety, Risk, and Precaution
  • 4.2 Intrinsic Objections to GM
    • Objection 1: GM Food Is Unnatural
    • Objection 2: GM and the Yuck Factor
• 5. Disgust and Technology
  • 5.1 Disgust, Rationality, and Labeling
• Conclusion: An Irreconcilable Moral Disagreement?

CHAPTER SEVEN: FOOD, HEALTH, AND FREEDOM

• Introduction
• 1. Liberty and Liberalism: The Harm Principle
  • 1.1 Deontological and Rights-Based Defenses of Liberalism
  • 1.2 Consequentialist Defenses of Liberalism
• 2. Liberty: Positive and Negative Conceptions
• 3. Food, Freedom, and Failures of Will
• 4. Paternalism: What and Why
• 5. Cognitive Biases, Weakness of Will, and Paternalism
  • 5.1 Akrasia and Weakness of Will
  • 5.2 Libertarian Paternalism and Weakness of Will
• 6. Food Environments and Freedom
• 7. Paternalism Revisited
  • 7.1 Coercive Paternalism
  • 7.2 Objection: Whose Values?
• 8. Stigmatization, Moral Panic, and the Social Policing of Bodies
• 9. Health and Food: Whose Responsibility?
• 10. Advertising, Autonomy, and Trust
• Conclusion

CHAPTER EIGHT: FOOD JUSTICE

• Introduction
• 1. Global Hunger and Malnutrition
• 2. The Utilitarian Argument for an Obligation to Aid
  • Objection 1: Demandingness
  • Objection 2: Unrealistic Psychological Demands?
  • Objection 3: A Right Not to Aid?
• 3. The Lifeboat Objection—An Argument against Aid
• 4. Food: A Basic Right?
• 5. Hunger: Beyond Scarcity
  • 5.1 Sen’s Entitlements Theory
  • 5.2 When Enough Isn’t Enough: Food Sovereignty Movements
• 6. Food Access, Food Production, and Distributive Justice
  • 6.1 Distributive Food Justice
  • 6.2 Food Justice as Social Justice: Critiques of the Distributive Paradigm
  • 6.3 Food Justice as Participatory Justice
  • 6.4 Food Justice and Environmental Costs
  • 6.5 Labor and Food Justice
• 7. Food “Deserts” and Food Access
• Conclusion