Table of Contents

How to Use This Book

Chapter 1
Philosophy

What is Philosophy?
A Brief Introduction to Arguments
Introductory Tips on Reading and Writing Philosophy

Chapter 2
Ethics – How Ought We to Live Our Lives?

Plato, Republic, Book II (357a-367e)
Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (selections)
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Sections I and II
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapters 1-4
Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, §§259-261
Virginia Held, “Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory”

Chapter 3
Social/Political Philosophy – What Is Justice?

Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, Book V, Sections 1-5
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (selections)
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, Chapters I, II, and IV
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
John Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, §§12-13
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia: “Distributive Justice,” Section I

Chapter 4
New Directions in Philosophy

Mary Midgley, “Is a Dolphin a Person?”
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, Introduction
Will Kymlicka, “Liberalism and Communitarianism”

Sources for Quotations